What are the symptoms of Wilson’s disease?

Liver (hepatic) symptoms of Wilson’s disease

Wilson’s disease usually starts with copper building up in the liver. In young children with Wilson’s disease, the most common symptoms are liver symptoms. Older children and adults might also get liver symptoms first.

You might hear these called hepatology or hepatic symptoms

Liver symptoms of Wilson’s disease include:

• tummy pain
• a yellow colour to the eyes and skin (jaundice)
• fluid build-up in the tummy (ascites)
• bruising or bleeding more than is normal

Learn more about liver disease symptoms.

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Neurological (brain and nervous system) symptoms of Wilson’s disease

Over time, copper also starts to build up in the brain. This can cause symptoms that affect your nervous system. You might hear these called neurological symptoms.

Some people will notice these symptoms before any others. This usually happens in young adults at around 20 to 30 years old.

Nervous system symptoms can include:

• shaking, often in the hands (tremor)
• slurred or unclear speech (dysarthria)
• dribbling
• slow or jerky movements
• problems with memory or concentration
• changes to handwriting, often it can become small and cramped

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Mental health (psychiatric) symptoms of Wilson’s disease

Copper build-up in the brain can also lead to mental health issues, like mood swings and changes in behaviour. You might hear these called psychiatric symptoms.

In older children and adults, these symptoms can start before any others. When this happens, they are often confused for other conditions leading to misdiagnosis.

Mental health symptoms can include:

• personality and behaviour changes
• ongoing low mood (depression)
• constant worry or nervousness (anxiety)

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Learning and behaviour changes in children and teenagers with Wilson’s disease.

Wilson’s disease can mean that children start to do less well at school. It can also affect their personality. Children might start to behave badly or in inappropriate or impulsive ways.

Wilson’s disease symptoms often start in the teenage years. If the child has not been diagnosed with Wilson’s disease, then these symptoms might just be put down to puberty. In some cases, doctors misdiagnose children with behaviour problems.

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Symptoms of Wilson’s disease in other parts of the body

Kayser-Fleischer (KF) rings in the eyes

Copper can build up in the eyes. This can cause a copper-coloured crescent around the coloured part of the eye. Over time this can become a copper-coloured ring.

This build-up of copper in the eye is called a Kayser-Fleischer (KF) ring.

KF rings are not harmful and do not affect vision. But they do indicate copper overload. Wilson’s disease is the most common cause of KF rings. So they can help to confirm the diagnosis.

An eye specialist, known as an ophthalmologist, can check for them. They will use a type of eye test called a slit lamp examination.

Opticians do not look for KF rings as part of a normal eye test. You will usually need to see a specialist.

Most adults with Wilson’s disease have KF rings. But it is less common in children and in people who only have liver symptoms.

With treatment, KF rings can fade.

Coombs-negative haemolytic anaemia

People with Wilson’s disease can get a type of anaemia called Coombs negative haemolytic anaemia.

Anaemia is when there aren’t enough healthy red blood cells to transport oxygen around the body. There are many types of anaemia. The term “Coombs-negative haemolytic anaemia” describes findings from a blood test.

• Coombs negative = The Coombs test looks for antibodies attacking red blood cells. Coombs negative means there are no antibodies. So it is not an autoimmune condition.
• Haemolytic or haemolysis = This means red blood cells are made but break down too quickly. So there are not enough to carry blood around the body properly.

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Next:

Sudden (acute) liver failure

Everyone’s experience of Wilson’s disease will be different. Always talk to your specialist medical team for personal advice.

Our information aims to be clear, up-to-date, and useful. We work with people living with liver disease and clinicians to make our information.

• How we make our information 

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If you have any feedback or would like a full list of references, you can also let us know by emailing patient-info@britishlivertrust.org.uk.

Clinical reviewer: Dr William Griffiths, consultant hepatologist, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS foundation trust.

Publication date: December 2025

Next review: December 2028