Why does my body need copper?
Copper helps the body to make blood cells.
Copper is an essential mineral. But our bodies only need a tiny amount of it.
It is important for helping us to make blood cells. This includes red blood cells that carry oxygen in our bodies and white blood cells that help our immune system.
There is also some evidence that copper helps with:
- growth
- brain development
- keeping bones strong
We need a very small amount of copper. We get this from our food. After we eat, the liver processes the copper from our food.
The liver keeps a tiny bit of copper that it needs. Then the Wilson’s protein helps to remove excess copper.
The Wilson’s protein has lots of different names. You might hear it called:
- the ATP7B protein
- the Wilson’s disease protein.
- copper-transporting ATPase2
The liver makes the Wilson’s protein using instructions from a gene called ATP7B.
Where does the copper go after the liver processes it?
The liver sends copper to where it is needed or removes it as waste.
The Wilson’s protein helps some copper to stick to another protein called Caeruloplasmin. Caeruloplasmin carries copper in the blood to where it is needed.
But there is more copper left over. The Wilson’s protein helps move this copper into bile.
Bile is a liquid made by the liver. It carries waste out of the body in poo.
What is different in Wilson’s disease?
In Wilson’s disease, a faulty gene means excess copper cannot leave the liver.
In Wilson’s disease, there is a problem with the ATP7B gene. This means the instructions for making the Wilson’s disease protein are wrong. The protein does not get made or is not put together properly. So it does not work.
This means copper gets stuck in your liver and starts to build up.
What problems can copper build up cause?
Too much copper damages the liver and can affect the brain and mental health.
Over time, copper builds up in the liver. This can lead to inflammation (hepatitis), and then scarring (fibrosis). Without treatment this can cause serious liver damage (cirrhosis).
Find out more about the stages of liver disease.
The copper can also start to leak out of the liver and build up in other parts of the body, including the brain.
Brain symptoms can include problems with the nervous system and with mental health.
Sometimes serious liver disease can happen very suddenly. This is known as acute liver failure. You might hear it called ALF.
Find out more about acute liver failure and Wilson’s disease.
Next:
Everyone’s experience of Wilson’s disease will be different. Always talk to your specialist medical team for personal advice.
Our information aims to be clear, up-to-date, and useful. We work with people living with liver disease and clinicians to make our information.
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If you have any feedback or would like a full list of references, you can also let us know by emailing patient-info@britishlivertrust.org.uk.
Clinical reviewer: Dr William Griffiths, consultant hepatologist, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS foundation trust.
Publication date: December 2025
Next review: December 2028
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