How haemochromatosis is passed on in families
A change in a gene that you inherit is sometimes called a gene fault, a mutation or a gene variant (because it ‘varies’ from the gene that most people have).
If you inherit one copy of a haemochromatosis gene variant, you are a carrier and can pass it on to your children. But you will never have any signs of haemochromatosis yourself. Nor will your children, unless their other parent is also a carrier. Even then, there is only a 1 in 4 chance (25%) that a child will inherit the gene variant from both parents.
Around 1 in 10 people in the UK carry the gene variant that most commonly causes haemochromatosis. But only around 300,000 people have inherited the gene from both parents and have haemochromatosis – that’s about 1 in 156 people.
As is often the case with genetic conditions, things are slightly more complicated than that. Even if you do inherit the haemochromatosis gene variant from both parents, you may never actually develop it. This is because of something called ‘gene penetrance’.
Read more about gene penetrance
As with anyone else, your body will be affected by anything in the environment that can cause liver damage. These can make a difference to the impact of haemochromatosis on your body and include drinking alcohol and being overweight.
Find out more about lifestyle and haemochromatosis
Types of haemochromatosis
There are several different gene variants that can cause haemochromatosis. By far the commonest is a particular change in the HFE gene. Doctors call this variant C282Y. It is the cause of haemochromatosis in more than 8 out of 10 people. This type of haemochromatosis is generally known as HFE haemochromatosis.
Haemochromatosis caused by other gene variants is generally called non-HFE haemochromatosis. A very small number of people with haemochromatosis have one HFE gene variant and one non-HFE gene variant.
In HFE and non-HFE haemochromatosis, you nearly always have to inherit a gene variant from both parents to have the condition. In very rare cases, a gene fault can happen by chance when a baby is conceived. So it’s possible that someone can develop haemochromatosis when only one of their parents has a necessary gene variant.
Haemochromatosis gene variants only usually start to have an effect in adulthood. But there are different gene variants that can cause haemochromatosis to show up in young people, between the age of 10 and 30. This is called juvenile haemochromatosis. It is caused by changes in the HAMP gene or the HJV gene. As with all other types of haemochromatosis, it is a recessive condition – you have to inherit a gene from both parents to develop it.
Remember – juvenile haemochromatosis is not the same as adult haemochromatosis. It is extremely rare and caused by changes in completely different genes.
Go to separate information on juvenile haemochromatosis
Gene variants and risk
There are differences in the risk of developing haemochromatosis with different gene variants. C282Y carries the highest risk overall.
But some people with iron overload don’t have two copies of this particular gene variant. If this is the case for you, your doctor will need to investigate further. They can look for other gene variants that could be the cause. These may be in the HFE gene, but other genes can affect iron metabolism and they can check these too. After carrying out these tests, they will be in a better position to tell you whether treatment would be helpful for you and about your future risk of complications from iron overload.
Your doctor will also need to look at other possible causes of liver problems. These include alcohol use and a build up of fat in your liver (a condition called fatty liver.) Both of these can affect your liver blood tests, particularly your ferritin levels. If they are found to be the cause of your raised ferritin, your doctor can rule out haemochromatosis.
Whichever gene variants you have, it doesn’t necessarily mean that you will develop haemochromatosis. The risk of having iron overload with haemochromatosis genes is explained on the following page.
Published: September 2025
Review date: September 2028
Clinical reviewers: Jeremy Shearman, Consultant Hepatologist and Gastroenterologist, South Warwickshire University Foundation Trust. Sister Kim Hicks, Medical Day Unit Haemochromatosis Nurse, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske. Dr Indra van Mourik, Consultant Paediatric Hepatologist (retired).
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